|
In international economic relations and international politics, "most favoured nation" (MFN) is a status or level of treatment accorded by one state to another in international trade. The term means the country which is the recipient of this treatment must, nominally, receive equal trade advantages as the "most favoured nation" by the country granting such treatment. (Trade advantages include low tariffs or high import quotas.) In effect, a country that has been accorded MFN status may not be treated less advantageously than any other country with MFN status by the promising country. There is a debate in legal circles whether MFN clauses in bilateral investment treaties include only substantive rules or also procedural protections.〔McCloure, Mike (2011-07-25). ("Most Favoured Nation Clauses – No favoured view on how they should be interpreted" ). ''Kluwer Arbitration Blog''. Retrieved 2011-07-26.〕 The members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agree to accord MFN status to each other. Exceptions allow for preferential treatment of developing countries, regional free trade areas and customs unions.〔(World Trade Organization. 1994. Regional Trade Agreements: Goods Rules )〕 Together with the principle of national treatment, MFN is one of the cornerstones of WTO trade law. "Most favoured nation" relationships extend ''reciprocal'' bilateral relationships following both GATT and WTO norms of reciprocity and non-discrimination. In bilateral reciprocal relationships a particular privilege granted by one party only extends to other parties who reciprocate that privilege, while in a multilateral reciprocal relationship the same privilege would be extended to the group that negotiated a particular privilege. The ''non-discriminatory'' component of the GATT/WTO applies a ''reciprocally'' negotiated privilege to all members of the GATT/WTO without respect to their status in negotiating the privilege. == History == The earliest form of the most favoured nation status can be found as early as in the 11th century. Today's concept of the most favoured nation status starts to appear in the 18th century, which is when the division of conditional and unconditional most favoured nation status also began.〔Yi, Seong Deong (2004). Commemorative Edition in Honour of Professor Paik, Choong-Hyun on his Retirement : Articles ; Most-Favoured Nation Treatment: Its Historical Developments and Concept. Vol. 11 No. 1〕 In the early days of international trade, "most favoured nation" status was usually used on a dual-party, state-to-state basis. A nation could enter into a "most favoured nation" treaty with another nation. With the Jay Treaty in 1794, the US granted "most favoured nation" trading status to Britain. After World War II, tariff and trade agreements were negotiated simultaneously by all interested parties through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which ultimately resulted in the World Trade Organization in 1994. The World Trade Organization requires members to grant one another "most favoured nation" status. A "most favoured nation" clause is also included in the majority of the numerous bilateral investment treaties concluded between capital exporting and capital importing countries after the Second World War. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Most favoured nation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|